This research explores Shahu Maharaja's pioneering concept of the welfare state, analyzing his contributions to social and economic justice in early 20th-century India. Shahu Maharaja, the ruler of Kolhapur, is often recognized for his efforts in education and social reform, but his vision extended to the broader concept of a welfare state—a precursor to modern Indian welfare policies. This study examines Maharaja's policies and initiatives aimed at addressing systemic inequalities, particularly his focus on educational and social reforms designed to uplift marginalized communities. By evaluating his approach to social justice, including his critique of caste-based discrimination and his promotion of equal opportunities, the research sheds light on how Shahu Maharaja’s ideas influenced subsequent welfare policies in India. The paper contextualizes his reforms within the framework of both British colonial and native governance, highlighting the innovative aspects of his welfare state model and its relevance to contemporary discussions on social equity.