Morpho-Anatomical Features and Comparative Analysis of Adiantum caudatum and Adiantum hispidulum: A Review

Abstract

The genus Adiantum (family Pteridaceae) comprises a diverse group of ferns known for their delicate morphology and ecological significance. Among them, Adiantum caudatum and Adiantum hispidulum are widely distributed species with distinctive morpho-anatomical characteristics that have attracted botanical and pharmacological interest. This review synthesizes existing knowledge on the macro- and micro-morphological features of these two species, highlighting their frond structure, rhizome anatomy, vascular bundle arrangement, and epidermal adaptations. Differences in leaf morphology, such as pinnae shape and venation patterns, as well as variations in stomatal distribution and trichome presence, are critically discussed. Furthermore, anatomical studies reveal the unique structural adaptations that allow these ferns to thrive in diverse habitats, including shaded forest floors and rocky outcrops. The review also touches upon the bioactive compounds identified in these species, linking anatomical traits to potential medicinal properties. Tables and figures are included to provide a comparative visual representation of key anatomical traits. This comprehensive analysis aims to facilitate further research on Adiantum species' ecological adaptations, taxonomy, and ethnobotanical applications. Understanding their morpho-anatomical features contributes to conservation efforts and may inspire novel uses in herbal medicine and biotechnology. The review draws upon a wide range of studies conducted over the past two decades, emphasizing the importance of integrating morphological and anatomical data for accurate species identification and utilization.